Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs: High-Risk Breeds and Home Rehabilitation Care

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common spinal nerve condition seen clinically in dogs, which in severe cases can lead to paralysis of the hind limbs or even all four limbs. Certain breeds are particularly susceptible due to their body type or genetic factors. Early recognition of symptoms, proper treatment, and care are key to helping dogs recover.

## What Is Intervertebral Disc Disease?

Intervertebral discs are cushion-like structures located between the vertebrae, primarily functioning to absorb shock and support the spine. When a disc degenerates, deforms, or is injured, the inner nucleus pulposus may herniate and compress the spinal cord nerves, causing pain, mobility issues, and even paralysis.

IVDD commonly develops between ages 3 to 7, though it can occur at any age.

## Which Breeds Are Susceptible?

Breeds with congenital chondrodystrophy face the highest risk:

* **Dachshund**: Has a far higher incidence than other breeds; approximately 80% of cases occur at the thoracolumbar junction
* **French Bulldog, English Bulldog**
* **Corgi**
* **Maltese**
* **Toy Poodle**
* **Pekingese, Shih Tzu**
* **Beagle, Cocker Spaniel**

Some large breeds like German Shepherds and Dobermans also have elevated risk.

## Why Are Dachshunds Particularly at Risk?

Beyond their body type (long back, short legs) which places greater stress on the spine, Dachshunds are typically very active and love jumping on and off furniture. These movements concentrate substantial pressure at the thoracolumbar junction, greatly increasing the chance of disc damage.

## Main Causes of IVDD

IVDD typically results from multiple factors:

1. **Congenital chondrodystrophy**: Disc degeneration begins earlier than in typical dogs, often manifesting in young to middle-aged dogs
2. **Aging**: Discs lose elasticity and moisture with age
3. **Acute trauma**: Accidental impacts or excessive strenuous activity
4. **Improper daily activities**: Frequent jumping on and off sofas, beds, or climbing stairs
5. **Incorrect holding posture**: Allowing the spine to hang unsupported or bend improperly

## Warning Signs of IVDD

Early recognition of symptoms is crucial. Common warning signs include:

### Early Symptoms

* Obvious back or neck pain
* Hunched or arched back posture
* Stiff neck, reluctance to turn head
* Crying out when back is touched
* Reluctance to jump, climb stairs, or get on furniture
* Noticeably decreased activity

### Progressive Symptoms

* Unsteady gait, wobbly walking
* Hind limb weakness or dragging
* Crossing feet, easily falling
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

If hind leg weakness or abnormal gait persists beyond 24 hours, seek veterinary care immediately to prevent permanent nerve damage.

## Diagnosis and Treatment

### Diagnostic Process

1. **Initial assessment**: Observation of movement, neurological responses, and palpation
2. **X-ray examination**: Rules out fractures and tumors, provides preliminary indication of disc changes
3. **MRI or CT scan**: Precisely locates compression site; required before surgery

### Treatment Options

Treatment approaches vary based on severity:

* **Conservative treatment**: Suitable for mild cases, includes strict cage rest, pain and anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy
* **Surgical treatment**: Required for moderate to severe cases or when conservative treatment fails; involves surgical removal of compressing material

If deep pain sensation is lost, surgery within 48 hours significantly improves recovery chances. Delayed treatment increases the risk of permanent spinal cord damage.

## Home Rehabilitation Care

Whether undergoing conservative treatment or post-surgical recovery, home care is crucial:

### Cage Rest and Activity Restriction

* Strict activity restriction for 4 to 6 weeks
* Use an appropriately sized crate where the dog can only stand and turn around
* Avoid all jumping, stair climbing, and running

### Assisted Walking

* Use a rear limb support harness to assist walking
* Provide full support during bathroom breaks outside
* Prevent the dog from walking long distances independently

### Physical Therapy

* Passive range of motion exercises to maintain muscle and joint flexibility
* Massage to promote blood circulation
* Under veterinary guidance, consider hydrotherapy or laser therapy

### Daily Care

* Use non-slip mats to prevent slipping
* Provide a well-supportive sleeping pad
* Turn paralyzed dogs regularly to prevent pressure sores
* Monitor urination and defecation; assist with bladder expression if needed

## Preventing Disc Problems

Prevention is especially important for high-risk breeds:

* **Maintain ideal weight**: Excess weight increases spinal burden
* **Avoid jumping**: Use ramps or pet stairs for getting on and off furniture and beds
* **Proper holding technique**: Support both front and rear limbs, keeping the spine level
* **Moderate exercise**: Avoid overly strenuous activities
* **Regular checkups**: Annual spinal health examinations recommended for high-risk breeds

While IVDD can be concerning, with early detection, proper treatment, and patient care, many dogs can regain mobility. If your dog is a high-risk breed, daily prevention and regular observation are the best protection.

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**References:**
* [PetTalk - Recognizing IVDD from Daily Signs](https://www.pettalk.tw/blog/從日常徵兆發現狗狗的椎間盤疾病，避免癱瘓｜專業獸醫—陳重肇)
* [inMotion - Watch for Signs of Paralysis: Complete IVDD Guide](https://www.inmotion.com.tw/blog/posts/ivdd)
* [Pet Health Medical Network - 5 Major Symptoms of Dog IVDD](https://pethealth.com.tw/intervertebral-disc-disease-in-dogs/)
* [Pet Station HK - Complete IVDD Guide](https://www.petstation.hk/en/blog/bing-li-jie-shao-34/ivdd-disc-disease-dogs-cats-27)
* [HKSEV Veterinary Clinic - Is My Dog's Hind Leg Weakness IVDD?](https://hksev.com/pages/is-my-dogs-hind-leg-weakness-a-sign-of-ivdd)

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